In intercultural healthcare settings, such variety can create difficulties in assessing the level of pain patients are in. Chinese communication processes. (1987). Quality of healthcare services can also be affected by differences in the way medicine, illness, and care are understood and approached by patients and health practitioners. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Albany: State University of New York Press. Development communication and popular resistance in Africa: An examination of the struggle over traditional and modernity through media. http://www.communicationencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405131995_chunk_g97814051319958_ss90-1, Center for East Asian Studies Scholarly Works. However, the discipline has drastically changed since then. The communibiological approach may be one such approach. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Although communication is unique within each Asian culture, systematic similarities in communication (e.g., indirect, implicit, polite and formal communication) have been observed across the Asian cultures (Gao, Ting-Toomey, & Gudykunst 1996). Cultural sensitivity, defined as the motivation to accept and respect intercultural differences can positively affect competence (Lakey & Canary, 2002), communication skills, knowledge, behavior (Wiseman, 2002), and gender (Lee, Fredenburg, Belcher, & Cleveland, 1999) are among those factors. An Asian persons self-concept and self-esteem are dependent on how he or she is considered or perceived by others. Interpersonal Communication 3. Obijiofor, L. (1998). This highlights the need for more cultural brokerage in healthcare, which goes hand in hand with a patient-centered approach where patients narratives, needs and expectations orient the healthcare process (Lo, 2010). Perceptions of conflict management styles in Chinese intergenerational dyads. The use of mass media may have led to better family planning or higher health awareness, in some cases and for some people, but ultimately it did not insure that the poorest, those who needed assistance the most, benefited. about how Open Access to this item benefits YOU. Similarly, Hecht et al. Please may i share some examples ? Asian Communication Modes - iResearchNet Discrimination and prejudice are significant aspects that affect not only immigrants but also native populations. Communication is central to building rapport between patients and healthcare providers. Research indicates isolated efforts to deal with challenges of intercultural health communication are not enough to provide long-term solutions and ease healthcare providers stress and difficulties (Spence, 2001). The following section outlines some lines of inquiry that have recently emerged within intercultural communication. Overall, developing healthcare practitioners intercultural sensitivity toward different expectations and needs is a pressing issue to enhance healthcare in intercultural settings (Gunaratnam, 2007). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. The level to which one is the core member of a culture is the level to which one understands the symbols of the culture and follows the norms. Scholarly/refereed, author accepted manuscript. The University of Kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, ethnicity, religion, sex, national origin, age, ancestry, disability, status as a veteran, sexual orientation, marital status, parental status, gender identity, gender expression and genetic information in the Universitys programs and activities. Studies have examined how pain is expressed in different cultures as some value internalizing pain while others value openly expressing it. Those who understood the request perceived the Malaysian student to be sneaky and manipulative. Some scholars, however, have promoted a more elaborate study of communication in Africa. Additionally, the basic assumption of communication as being solely the mass media was not contested. A typical email from an Asian international student who is interested in enrolling in a class that is full will start with a very formal address (e.g., Dear Professor/ Dr.), followed by a well-structured self-introduction and reasons for the request. In many parts of rural Africa and Nigeria in particular, the gongman uses a wooden or metal gong to disseminate official information.. This is why many intercultural and health communication researchers are and will increasingly work with one anothers theories and models. African Studies Review, 36, 91114. (2004). As the use of social media increases, online and offline worlds are more and more intertwined and online behaviors hold consequences in individuals offline lives (Zhao, Grasmuck, & Martin, 2008). We want to hear from you! 309 321. In dealing with these challenges, recent research trends in intercultural communication in Asia call attention to: (1) the complexity and increasing heterogeneity of Asian communication. From this approach, researchers have argued context, culture, and situation have significant affects on our approaches to communication. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. Instead of cultural adaptation, Kramer (2000, 2003) proposed cultural fusion, where newcomers blend together elements from their native and new culture, as a more integrative and less hegemonic approach to represent the balance between host and immigrant groups. Solved Activity number 2: Research on various cultural and - Chegg Indirect Communication: Filipinos often communicate indirectly in order to prevent a loss of face and evoking hiya on either side of an exchange. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. Today intercultural communication as a discipline includes more theories than ever before, an increasing focus on studying the intercultural in different contexts, and an increasing debate as to what is the intercultural. To a large degree, indirect communication aims to promote and cultivate modesty, humility, and harmonious relations with others. Because the concept of cultural tolerance is based on social hierarchies and the idea of cultural superiority, it reinforces asymmetries and is potentially dangerous. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Futures, 30, 161174. Presentational Communication 4. Two Asian students in the classroom were frustrated with the American students lack of sensitivity in reading between the lines. Gabrenya, W. K., & Hwang, K.-K. (1996). ), The Blackwell International Encyclopedia of Communication (pp. Self in Asian cultures is defined by a persons surrounding relations, derived from kinship networks. intercultural communication - About Indian Culture Using critical perspectives in intercultural communication is therefore likely to keep on developing in the near future as a response to the seemingly unproblematic use of culture in a world filled with growing inequalities. For this reason, examining who makes culture relevant to whom in which context for which purpose (Piller, 2011, p. 174) in social media can inform us about the cultural references powerful and dominant in society at that same time. First, this review summarizes where the discipline has been, paying close attention to the disciplines history and some key areas of research. 1996; Tsujimura 1987; Yum 1987). Activity#2.docx - NAME: Opea, Mark Lester N. SECTION: Chen and Dai (2012) argued Western cultural references are overly present in the online world (i.e. These initial theories were followed up in 1988 in a follow-up publication (Kim & Gudykunst) by empirical support and research on communication between people from different cultures. Some thought that the Malaysian student had a problem with language proficiency. Acculturation has been defined as a multidimensional process where distinct cultures come into contact. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. The preachers sermon goes beyond a mere speech, becoming a performance complete with tonal semantics (long pauses, rhythm, etc.). Many intercultural communication problems stem from differences in how messages are written, delivered, and understood. What my grandmother taught me about communication: Perspectives from African cultural values. Cultural Communication Patterns of Europe: France, Germany, Belgium identity) of a special group becomes salient, the group members attitudes and behaviours are affected by this identity (McKinley, Mastro, & Warber, 2014). Cultural, Interpersonal Relationships and Communication Challenges as Higher levels of uncertainty will result in a lack of accuracy in interpretation of the host and higher levels of anxiety will end up in limited prediction of host behavior and fundamental attribution error (Gudykunst, 1993). Del Pilar and Udasco (2004) questioned if it was practical to believe individuals would want to lose their culture and not adopt a new culture and be without a culture. Intercultural communication and identity. identity, competence, adaptation) but associating them to particular contexts, historical backgrounds, and power relations. When verbal messages are necessary, they are usually strategically managed and unassertively presented, especially in expressing discontentment, in order to avoid the escalation of conflict. What is cultural and intercultural modes of communication? For example, Hecht et al. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. New York: Anchor. Many intercultural communication problems stem from the different ways that messages are composed, transmitted, and interpreted. Solved Research and report on various cultural and | Chegg.com (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); One of the key issues is identifying these common cultural codes of meaning. Challenges in defining its identity and core concepts have made intercultural communication a very dynamic field bursting with new ideas and approaches. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Much of a problematic intercultural communication stems from different ways that message is composed, transmitted, and interpreted. Results however depict a mixed picture. Ways in which medicine is understood by patients and healthcare staff can affect expectations regarding the diagnosis and treatment they receive or provide. (2003) noted the centrality of oral tradition and performance. For students aiming to travel overseas, this guide explores common intercultural misunderstandings, the social and cultural reasons for these understandings based on cultural differences, and strategies you can employ to aid intercultural communication.. 775-779). Tsujimura (1987) argues that linguistic and ethnic homogeneity enables people in Asian cultures to understand the unspoken subtleties and understatements of a message, presumed to be part of the normative repertoire of social knowledge. The first steps in came from Whorf (1940) and Freudian psycho-analytical theory. Blake, C. (1993). Confucianism, however, is one of the most prevalent practices in Asian cultures. Intercultural communication became a noticeable sub-area of Asian communication studies only in the 1990s. Confucianism, on the other hand, is one of Asia's most common cultures. Personal identity deals with identity characteristics, which are personal and not related to cultural and social groups. While communicating at the intergroup level, people accentuate distinctiveness in favour of their in-groups and when the distinctiveness (i.e. Communication in Latin America. In other words, differences between cultural backgrounds can affect the quality of health services one receives. In 1970, the International Communication Association (ICA) founded an intercultural communication division, and the Speech Communication Association, National Communication Association (NCA) did the same in 1975. Therefore, more research should examine the effects of social media use on various aspects of the acculturation processes, including but not limited to, ones willingness to adapt and ones relation with the host society (Croucher, 2011). After all, the two groups share strong ancestral experiences. For example, in the Chinese cultural context, indirect/implicit communication is most exercised in the expression of feelings and emotions, in initial encounters, in public settings, when imposing on others, in situations where the other perons face or image needs to be protected, in self-enhancing situations, and when dealing with sensitive people and topics (Gao 2006). The use of these methods suggest equal numbers of participants will be placed in each of Berrys categories due to methodological decisions, which means not all the categories may exist as expressed (Rudmin, 2003; Schwartz & Zamboanga, 2008). In dealing with these challenges, recent research trends in intercultural communication in Asia call attention to: (1) the complexity and increasing heterogeneity of Asian communication styles; (2) the traditions of Asia as sources of concepts in intercultural communication; and (3) the reconsideration of the Western research paradigm. He explains that the urban form of communication included western communication media (i.e., radio, television, magazines, telephones, and limited electronic mail, etc.). In P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds. What communication strategies would be applicable for creating change from an Afrocentric perspective? Third, there is a growing awareness of the limitations of intercultural communication theories so steeped in Eurocentrism that they oversimplify the complexity of the rest of the world. Not only are most of the studies in the field conducted in an American (US-based) or East-Asian context, but also most of the scales have been designed by American researchers and primarily for the American (US) culture (Gudykunst, 2002). Overview Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures Asia and Australia's Engagement with Asia Sustainability Filter; Curriculum filter Senior secondary curriculum . Hecht, M. L., Jackson, R. L., & Ribeau, S. A. Coming from an Asian cultural background and teaching in the United States, the present author finds that the different levels of politeness and formality extended by students in their emails illustrate these cultural disparities. For this reason, more research is needed to explore ways to train staff, and identify and address patients difficulties. These tools provide both verbal and nonverbal means, and rules for their use and interpretation. Arabic language is written from right to left 2. In particular, some of the main Confucian values, such as interpersonal harmony, relational hierarchy, and traditional conservatism, are considered as essentially Asian, because they are generally emphasized more in the east than in other parts of the world. Interpretive Communication 2. 10 Modes of Communication 1. Boston, MA: Academic Press, pp. To have a positive sense of self is to be able to relate to others in ways that are sensitive to cultural values (e.g., filial piety), norms, and role expectations. These evolutions in conceptualizing core concepts used in intercultural communication open up new perspectives for future research in the field. Registered in England & Wales No. Multicultural education in Finland: Renewed intercultural competences to the rescue? Human communication modes can be understood from multiple perspectives. (1987). Gao, G. (2006). linguistically through the use of English, materially through the use of programs, or through references to popular culture). Classical Africa. (2003). Differences in communication styles and language abilities constitute another main obstacle to receiving and seeking proper treatment (Viswanath & Ackerson, 2011). Rogers, E. M. (1976). However in Japan, the need for communicative skills in English language and business provided a necessity to offer intercultural communication in these departments (Rogers et al., 2002). However, social and political contexts have led to different communication research agendas. In other words, taciturnity is encouraged. When considering the term intercultural itself, it is impossible to deny its complexity. Understanding Indian culture when travelling overseas is imperative in order to avoid intercultural misunderstanding, and thus aid effective communication. Hecht et al. As one of the classical writers on communication and culture, Hall (1976) differentiated cultures on a continuum based on how much information is communicated and/or implied by the communication context per se, regardless of the specific words that are spoken. In addition, certain external variables have contributed to the practice of indirect communication. Although communication is unique within each Asian culture, systematic similarities in communication (e.g., indirect, implicit, polite, and formal communication) have been observed across the Asian cultures (Gao et al. However, individuals keep and accentuate the identity that link them to special desired groups, and strengthen their positive self-image (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Intercultural and Intergroup Communication, Acculturation Processes and Communication, Ethnolinguistic Vitality And Communication, Ethnographic Perspectives on Culture and Communication, Ethnolinguistic Vitality and Communication, Prejudiced and Discriminatory Communication, Language Attitudes in Intergroup Contexts, Intergroup Dimensions of Organizational Life, Intergroup Communication and Discursive Psychology, Intercultural Conflict Styles and Facework, Intercultural Communication in Health-Care. Second, this review discusses where the discipline is going, with an emphasis on how the discipline is expanding into new contextual areas of research. Phrases like ishin-denshinin in the Japanese culture, i-shim jun-sim in the Korean culture, and hanxu in the Chinese culture all demonstrate the importance of nonverbal communication and strategic ambiguity (Gao et al. In the African setting broader communication research (beyond mass media) is necessary to understand the range of cultures and identities, address language diversity, and apply findings to health, relationships, and civic life as well as economic development. Solution: Research on various cultural and intercultural modes of communication in the following countries:- 1. Ethnolinguistic Identity theory (ELIT) is a social psychological approach dealing with the variables and mechanisms involved in maintenance of an ethnic language in different social setting (Giles & Johnson, 1987, p. 69). What would they focus on? Communication Monographs, 72, 7191. The possible trajectories that the field of intercultural communication may take in the future highlight its multifaceted nature. African-American communication: Exploring identity and culture, 2nd edn. FNT and cultural identity theory have already been discussed, so what follows is a brief review of identity management theory and AUM. Visual Communication 8. This amounts to nothing less than the total hegemonic control of identity (p. 196). This would suggest the importance of interpersonal channels, which are particularly understudied in the African context, as well as of a narrative style of message construction. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Integration is when the newcomer shows interest in keeping their original culture but also learning the new culture. Thus, our environment significantly influences who we are and how we communicate (Hall, 1959; Pederson, Tkachuk, & Allen, 2008). In general, an Asian communicator uses a great deal of sensitivity to protect the other partys positive image or face in the communication process. share your stories This means that the Afrocentrist is concerned with discovering in every case the centered place of the African as a fundamental concept derived from African values rather than merely in comparison or contrast to European styles. This article provides a critical review of intercultural communication research in or on Asia over the past 20 years. Blackwell Publishing. Assertive verbal skills in public speaking and debate are promoted and evaluated positively in western societies, such as the United States; but in Asian societies those who are perceived to have a sharp tongue are viewed more negatively and considered to cause trouble, be disruptive and self-centered, and to have less knowledge than those who are relatively reticent. We begin with a discussion of African-American communication. Studies of face negotiation theory have covered different fields such as health communication (Kirschbaum, 2012), interpersonal and intercultural conflict (Oetzel & Ting-Toomey, 2003; Zhang, Ting-Toomey, & Oetzel, 2014), online media studies (Lim, Vadrevu, Chan, & Basnyat, 2012), and organizational conflict management (Oetzel, Meares, Myers, & Lara, 2003). West & Fair (1993) noted the work of Boafo and Ugboajah who proposed the term Oramedia to account for oral forms of media including dance, drumming, storytelling, etc. In intercultural communication, two models have received the most attention (support, critique, and been cited the most): Berrys (2003) acculturation strategies, and Kims (1988, 2001) cross-cultural adaptation model. 3. View the full answer. Various Cultural and Intercultural Modes of Communication For example, individuals can use mobility to integrate into the out-group, creativity to avoid confrontation with the out-group or competition to confront the out-group through strengthening in-group identity (Vincze & Holley, 2013). Cultures consequences, 2nd edn. To build a more comprehensive theory of communication it is necessary to study different cultures in different parts of the world and consequently it is important to modify the current scales and measurement devices to adapt to these less-studied cultures (Croucher, 2013a). Studies on cultural identity have been conducted in relation to a broad array of contexts, such as brand choosing (Chattaraman, Lennon, & Rudd, 2010), cultural stereotype and persuasion (Collier, 1988), and political representation of national identity and minority groups (Chen & Collier, 2012), to name a few. The ways in which minorities use social media to express and negotiate identities are related to the acculturation process. They pointed out, appropriately, that culturalists proposed different channels of communication, but did not challenge the basic top-down communicative approach. In many places a man 72 inches in height is about the n. In the first systematic review of intercultural communication theories the International and Intercultural Communication Annual (Gudykunst, 1983), a group of researchers theorized about the interpersonal communication between people from different cultures. Although communication is unique within each Asian culture, systematic similarities in communication (e.g., indirect, implicit, polite and formal communication) have been observed across. Spatial Communication 9. A glance at any intercultural communication textbooks and articles will reveal multiple definitions of intercultural communication that often share similar characteristics, with many differences. Communication efficiency and rural development in Africa: The case of Cameroon. The four strategies are assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration. The process of cultural adaptation is of paramount concern for researchers, policy makers, communities, nations, and for individuals. African Communication Modes : WestminsterResearch In dealing with these challenges, recent research trends in intercultural communication in Asia call attention to: (1) the complexity and increasing heterogeneity of Asian communication styles; (2) the traditions of Asia as sources of concepts in intercultural communication; and (3) the reconsideration of the Western research paradigm. Social Identity Theory (SIT) is made up of both personal and social identities. Exploring ways in which people craft their identities online provides relevant answers to this question. A recent discussion in an American college classroom about a dialogue between an American student and a Malaysian student who was indirectly asking for a favor revealed several critical points. Grices (1975) conversation maxims illustrate the ideal conversation styles preferred in low-context cultures, calling on communicators to give sufficient and relevant information and evidence in conversations and to avoid ambiguity, excessive verbosity, disorganization, and obscure expressions. Africa Media Review, 1, 1830. Mass media dissemination could not insure that the needs of those who required assistance were met; all it could do was to share a standardized message. . (2003, 9) explain that African-American communication builds from a cultural amalgam of the cultural traditions, values, and norms of the indigenous African slaves as well as the European settlers who laid claim to what we know now as the United States. Understanding African and African-American communication involves a thorough analysis of this cultural amalgam, understanding the worldviews through cultural codes (e.g., values and norms), processes (e.g., communication patterns and practices), and sense of community. Should we study them language by language and culture by culture, or their generalised communication framework related to Africanity?. Scholars have produced a rich body of work on how this process takes place, identified positive and negative effects of the process, and offered various critiques and alternatives to current adaptation models. The participants' perception of language as a barrier to intercultural communication is in agreement with the findings of a number of other studies on international students which have found language barrier as a factor making the intercultural communication elusive (e.g., Smith & Khawaja, 2011; Yakunina et al., 2012). Empirical studies have supported SIT findings (Fein & Spencer, 1997; Hertel & Kerr, 2001). However, researchers in communication are increasingly turning to biology to understand differences in communication. This entry introduces African modes of communication, covering their history, context, and uses. Are there African theories of behaviour and social change? Intercultural communication in Asia: Current state and - ResearchGate 64) for instance highlighted the risk of diagnosing ethnic minority patients culture rather than their mental illness because their normal way of behaving and expressing themselves at times can be very different. Maywood, NJ: Peoples Publishing Group. The African-American research tradition is, perhaps, further developed, with recognition of diversity within the group (e.g., identities), and has moved from description of communication patterns to attempts to address health and economic disparities. Despite the fact Human communication modes ( Communicator Style) can be understood from multiple perspectives. Efforts to study and research what communication (especially mass media) can do for Africa have surpassed and even eclipsed the fundamental discussion of what communication in Africa is. ), Communication theory: Eastern and western perspectives. On the other hand, rural forms of communication include traditional channels (i.e., Gongman, community leaders, marketplace, friends/neighbors). In cases when there is no common language, translators can be used to convey information though raising numerous problems. Similarly, we see four key issues as crucial to the future of intercultural communication: a debate over terminology, the debate over social learning versus communibiology, the spread of intercultural communication to less studied cultures, and the place of critical views in intercultural communication. Hence, from early childhood, individuals in Asian societies are educated to respect established relational and social hierarchies and to show an abundance of consideration to others. This review discusses the possibilities and challenges we face, thus contributing to a better awareness and understanding of intercultural communication research in Asia. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Shuter (2012), argued new media studies are the next frontier in intercultural communication, and urged for more research to keep theories and analyses in touch with current evolutions. Questions of adaptation, competence, identity, and a plethora of other key issues will remain integral to the discipline as it continues to develop. The country that I sparked the most interest in over the last couple of chapters was Brazil. Please note: We are unable to provide a copy of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? Each Asian culture has its unique philosophical traditions, ethics, and morals for appropriate social behaviors and conduct. Africa Media Review, 7, 117. Students will learn about theories of intercultural communication, interpersonal interaction, and organizational communication in international settings. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Intercultural communication: Where weve been, where were going, issues we face, Department of Communication, University of Jyvskyl, Jyvskyl, Finland, Identifying key intercultural urgencies, issues, and challenges in todays world: Connecting our scholarship to dynamic contexts and historical moments, They say Im like that but they dont know me: Transcultural discourses of masculinity, Cultural identity, resistance, and good theory: Implications for intercultural communication theory from Gypsy culture, Interpersonal communication as tempermental expression: A communibiological paradigm, Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm, Ethnic identity in post-soviet Belarus: Ethnolinguistic survival as an argument in the political struggle, Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication, Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethnocultural groups in Canada, Responding to negative social identity: A taxonomy of identity management strategies, How Facebook users select identity categories for self-presentation, Universals in language use: Politeness phenomena, Social identity salience: Effects on identity-based brand choices of Hispanic consumers, New media and asymmetry in cultural identity negotiation, Intercultural identity positioning: Interview discourses from two identity-based nonprofit organizations, A comparison of conversations among and between domestic culture groups: How intra- and intercultural competencies vary, Teaching intercultural communication with an idiot abroad, French-Muslims and the hijab: An analysis of identity and the Islamic veil in France, French-Muslim reactions to the law banning religious symbols in schools: A mixed methods analysis, Social networking and cultural adaptation: A theoretical model, Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in western Europe, Identity management theory: Communication competence in intercultural episodes and relationships, The intercultural component in business English textbooks, Marginality theory: The lack of construct validity. Communication in Latin America - Pennsylvania State University 3099067 Of course, the pressure of economic development will continue to attract primary attention and communication that recognizes endogenous voices is likely to be more powerful than that which is externally imposed, particularly given the history of colonialism. Okigbo, C. (ed). Based on these four components, Shuang (2014) introduced three processes for intercultural competence, which include affective (dealing with the emotions during a communication), behavioral (dealing with proper intercultural behavior), and cognitive processes (dealing with contextual requirements and intercultural awareness). The original form of the theory concerned explaining the interethnic setting in which a specific groups of individuals choose a specific language strategy and at the same time it tried to study the reason a group of people choose a different strategy than the other group, i.e. This entry covers Latin American/Latino cultural and communication patterns, and often contrasts these patterns to those of US Americans and Northern Europeans. West, H. G., & Fair, J. F. (1993). 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A widely-accepted definition is that competent communication is interaction that is perceived as affective in fulfilling certain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs (Spitzberg, 1988, p. 68). Kim (2001) defined cultural adaptation as the dynamic process by which individuals, upon relocating to new, unfamiliar, or changed environments, establish (or reestablish) and maintain relatively stable, reciprocal, and functional relationships with those environments (p. 31). A significant body of research in intercultural communication is conducted from a social learning/situation approach. Researchers have shown this model to be applicable in a variety of immigrant settings: Korean Americans (Lee, Sobal, & Frongillo, 2003), Vietnamese Americans (Pham & Harris, 2001), and others (see Sam & Berry, 2006). Each Asian culture has its unique philosophical traditions, ethics, and morals for appropriate social behaviors and conducts, Confucianism, however, is one of the most prevalent practices in Asian cultures. Logic and conversation. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Hall, E. T. (1976). The prominence of mass media can also be explained by the postindependence political contexts of the 1960s. Pioneers in research on African-American communication such as Asante, Blake, Cummings, and DuBois worked to establish it as a salient area of inquiry (Jackson & Givens 2006). Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. 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